Indonesian children dressed in various The of has been shaped by long between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences. Is centrally-located along ancient between the, and the, resulting in many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of, including, and, all strong in the major trading cities. The result is a complex cultural mixture very different from the original indigenous cultures. Examples of the fusion of Islam with Hindu include Javanese belief, the fusion of Hinduism, Buddhism and in, and the fusion of Hinduism and animism in; others could be cited.
Balinese dances have stories about Buddhist and Hindu, while forms and architecture are present in Sumatra, especially in the and regions. Traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called. The has influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, film and music, as well as political system and issues.
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Has notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical, which is often mixed with and folk music. Despite the influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous, and many others are still practising their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing.
Player, Indonesia is home to with those from the islands of, and being frequently recorded. The traditional music of central and and Bali is the. On 29 June 1965, a leading Indonesian in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, was imprisoned in, for playing Western-style music. After the resignation of President Sukarno, the law was rescinded, and in the 1970s the Glodok prison was dismantled and replaced with a large shopping mall.
Is a that uses guitars and as the main. This genre had its roots in and was introduced by Portuguese traders in the 15th century. There is a traditional Keroncong Tugu in and other traditional Keroncong music groups in Maluku, with strong Portuguese influences. This music genre was popular in the first half of the 20th century; a contemporary form of Kroncong is called Pop Kroncong. Musical orchestra, native of, received international recognition as has listed the traditional West Java musical instrument made from bamboo in the list of intangible cultural heritage. The soft music from the province of East in is completely different.
Sasando uses an instrument made from a split leaf of the Lontar palm ( ), which bears some resemblance to a. Tari Piring (plate dance) Indonesian dance reflects the diversity of culture from ethnic groups that composed the nation of Indonesia. Austronesian roots and Melanesian tribal dance forms are visible, and influences ranging from neighbouring Asian countries; such as, and to European western styles through colonisation. Each ethnic group has their own distinct dances; makes total dances in Indonesia are more than 3000 Indonesian original dances. However, the dances of Indonesia can be divided into three eras; the Prehistoric Era, the Hindu/Buddhist Era and the Era of Islam, and into two genres; court dance and folk dance. There is a continuum in the traditional dances depicting episodes from the and from India, ranging through, all the way to Bali. There is a marked difference, though, between the highly stylised dances of the courts of and and their popular variations.
While the court dances are promoted and even performed internationally, the popular forms of dance art and drama must largely be discovered locally. During the last few years, from Nanggroe Darussalam has become rather popular and is often portrayed on TV. Is also a dance that originated from the district, East Java, which is a visualisation of the legendary story Wengker kingdom and the kingdom of Kediri. A popular line dance called Poco-poco was originated in Indonesia and also popular in, but at early April 2011 Malaysian Islamic clerics banned the poco-poco dance for Muslims due to them believing it is traditionally a Christian dance and that its steps make the sign of the cross. Drama and theatre. And in an act of the wayang wong performance., the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese theatre shows display several mythological legends such as and, and many more. Is Javanese traditional dance drama based on wayang stories.
Various Balinese dance drama also can be included within traditional form of Indonesian drama. Another form of local drama is Javanese and, Sundanese, and Betawi. All of these drama incorporated humor and jest, often involving audiences in their performance. Is a folk theatre tradition of the people of, usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals. It incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the martial art, with performances often based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story.
Is a folk theatre found in the province of. Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with their distinct style of drama. Notable theatre, dance, and drama troupe such as are gain popularity in Indonesia as their drama often portray social and political of Indonesian society.
Martial arts. A demonstration of, a form of martial arts, takes place in Jakarta The art of was created and firstly developed in the islands of. It is an art for survival and practised throughout Indonesian archipelago. Centuries of tribal wars in Indonesian history had shaped silat as it was used by the ancient warriors of Indonesia. Silat was used to determine the rank and position of warriors in old Indonesian kingdoms. Contacts with and has further enriched silat.
Silat reached areas beyond Indonesia mainly through diaspora of Indonesian people. People from various regions like, etc. Moved into and settled in and other islands. They brought silat and passed it down to their descendants. The are also credited as the first to have brought the art into Europe. Silat was used by Indonesian independence fighters during their struggle against the colonial rule. Unfortunately after Indonesia achieving their independence, silat became less popular among Indonesian youth compare to foreign martial arts like.
This probably because silat was not taught openly and only passed down among blood relatives, the other reason is the lack of media portrayal of the art. Efforts have been made to introduce and reintroduce the beauty of silat to Indonesian youth and the world. Exhibitions and promotions by individuals as well as state-sponsored groups helped the growing of silat's popularity, particularly in.
Indonesian 2009 Silat movie is one of Indonesian efforts to introduce silat to international scene. Another martial art from Indonesia is Tarung Derajat. It is a modern combat system created by Haji Ahmad Drajat based on his experience as a street fighter. Tarung Drajat has been acknowledge as a national sport by in 1998 and is now used by as part of their basic training.
Traditional visual arts. Mural painting in Long Nawang, What Indonesian painting before the 19th century are mostly restricted to the decorative arts, considered to be a religious and spiritual activity, comparable to the pre-1400 European art. Artists' names are anonymous, since the individual human creator was seen as far less important than their creation to honour the deities or spirits.
Some examples are the decorative art, based on endemic natural motifs such as ferns and hornbills, found decorating the walls of Kenyah long houses. Other notable traditional art is the geometric. Balinese painting are initially the narrative images to depict scenes of Balinese legends and religious scripts. The classical Balinese paintings are often decorating the and also the ceilings of pavilion. Under the influence of the Dutch colonial power, a trend toward Western-style painting emerged in the 19th century. In the Netherlands, the term 'Indonesian Painting' is applied to the paintings produced by Dutch or other foreign artists who lived and worked in the former. The most famous indigenous 19th century Indonesian painter is (1807–1877), the first indigenous artist to study in Europe.
His art is heavily influenced. In the 1920s settled in Bali, he is often credited with attracting the attention of Western cultural figures to Balinese culture and art. His works has somehow influenced Balinese artists and painters. Today Bali has one of the most vivid and richest painting traditions in Indonesia. By The 1920s to 1940s were a time of growing nationalism in Indonesia. The previous period of romanticism movement was not seen as a purely Indonesian movement and did not develop.
Painters began to see the natural world for inspiration. Some examples of Indonesian painter during this period are the Balinese and the. The Indonesian Painters Association ( Persatuan Ahli-Ahli Gambar Indonesia or PERSAGI, 1938–1942) was formed during this period. PERSAGI established a contemporary art philosophy that saw art works as reflections of the artist’s individual or personal view as well as an expression of national cultural thoughts.
From the 1940s on, artists started to mix Western techniques with Southeast Asian imagery and content. Painters that rooted in the revolutionary movement of the World War and the post-World War period started to appear during this period, such as Sudjojono, and Hendra. During the 1960s, new elements were added when and began to be absorbed by the art community. Also during this period, group of painters that are more concerned about the reality of Indonesian society began to appear, taking inspiration from the social problem such as division between the rich and the poor, pollution, and deforestation. The national identity of Indonesia was stressed by these painters through the use of a realistic, documentary style. During the Sukarno period this socially-engaged art was officially promoted, but after 1965 it lost popularity due to its presumed communist tendencies. Three art academies offer extensive formal training in visual art: founded in 1947; the Akademi Seni Rupa Indonesia (Indonesian Fine Arts Academy) or ASRI, now known as ISI, in Yogyakarta was inaugurated in 1950; and the Institut Kesenian Jakarta (Jakarta Arts Institute) or IKJ, was opened in 1970.
Sculpture. Relief sculpture from the temple Indonesia has a long history of stone, bronze and Iron Ages arts. The megalithic sculptures can be found in numerous archaeological sites in Sumatra, Java to Sulawesi. The tribes have their own distinct tribal sculpture styles, usually created to depict ancestors, deities and animals.
The pre-Hindu-Buddhist and pre-Islamic sculptures can be traced in the artworks of indigenous Indonesian tribes. The most notable sculptures are those of wooden sculpture of, the wooden mask and sculpture, the ancestral wooden statue of, also the totem-like sculpture of and tribe. The stone sculpture artform particularly flourished in 8th-to-10th-century Java and Bali, which demonstrate the influences of Hindu-Buddhist culture, both as stand-alone works of art and also incorporated into temples.
Most notable sculpture of classical Hindu-Buddhist era of Indonesia are the hundreds of meters of relief and hundreds of stone buddhas at the temple of in central Java. Approximately two miles of exquisite relief sculpture tell the story of the life of and illustrate his teachings. The temple was originally home to 504 statues of the seated Buddha. This site, as with others in central Java, show a clear Indian influence. The examples of notable Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist sculptures are; the statues of Hindu deities;, and enthroned in rooms of temples, the mounting statue of king, the exquisite statue of Eastern Javanese and 3.7 meters tall dated from period, and also the grand statue of Bhairava discovered in Sumatra. Today, the Hindu-Buddhist style stone sculptures are reproduced in villages in near Borobudur also in the former capital site of in East Java, and, and sold as garden or pool ornament statues for homes, offices and hotels.
Today in Indonesia, the richest, most elaborate and vivid wooden sculpture and wood carving traditions can be found in and, Central Java. Balinese handicrafts such as sculptures, masks, and other carving artworks are popular souvenir for tourist that have visited Indonesia. On the other hand, the Jepara wood carving are famous for its elaborately carved wooden furnitures, also pelaminan gebyok (wedding throne with carved background). Architecture. (or traditional spired roof house) of the For centuries, the Indonesian vernacular architecture has shaped settlements in Indonesia which commonly took form of timber structures built on stilts dominated by large roof. The most dominant foreign influences on were, although European influences have been particularly strong since the 19th century and modern architecture in Indonesia is international in scope. As in much of, traditional vernacular architecture in Indonesia are built on stilts, with the significant exceptions of Java and Bali.
Notable are those of the people in, the of the people in western Sumatra, the of the people in northern Sumatra, and the of the people in. Oversized saddle roofs with large eaves, such as the homes of the Batak and the tongkonan of Toraja, are often bigger than the house they shelter.
The fronts of Torajan houses are frequently decorated with buffalo horns, stacked one above another, as an indication of status. The outside walls also frequently feature decorative reliefs.
The 8th-century temple near is the largest Buddhist temple in the world, and is notable for incorporating about 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues into its structure, telling the story of the life of the Buddha. As the visitor ascends through the eight levels of the temple, the story unfolds, the final three levels simply containing and statues of the Buddha. The building is said to incorporate a map of the Buddhist cosmos and is a masterful fusion of the didactic narrative relief, spiritual symbolism, monumental design and the serene meditative environs. The whole monument itself resembles a giant stupa, but seen from above it forms a. The nearby 9th-century temple complex at contains some of the best preserved examples of in Java.
The temple complex comprises eight main shrines, surrounded by 224 smaller shrines. The Indian influence on the site is clear, not only in the style of the monument, but also in the reliefs featuring scenes from the which adorn the outer walls of the main temples, and in the votive statuary found within. An woodcarver Indonesia is considered as home of world. Every ethnic group has its own uniqueness, style, and philosophy of crafting.
Most of them are made from wooden,. These natural materials were crafted using hands into profitable and aesthetic items. Handicraft manufacturing serves not only as an important economic sector, but also a tradition and has a social function as well.
The handicraft industry employs thousands of people in towns and villages across the country. About half a billion dollar worth of handicraft is exported every year, and many more is consumed domestically. There are many varieties of handicraft from other regions.
And are particularly noted for their songket cloths. Villages in the produce ikat while provinces in are long known for their and weaving using and other natural fabrics. Wood art produced by the Asmat people of is highly valued. Cities along Java's northern coast, and are known as centres of batik.
Cirebon and Jepara are important cities in furniture, producing rattan and carved wood respectively, while is known for embroidery. Also produces furniture and other products and support stores and galleries in. And, both modern, cosmopolitan, and industrialised cities—much like Jakarta but on a lesser scale—are creative cities with a variety of innovative startups. Several Indonesian islands are famous for their, and cloth. Once on the brink of disappearing, batik and later ikat, found a new lease on life when former President promoted wearing batik shirts on official occasions.
In addition to the traditional patterns with their special meanings, used for particular occasions, batik designs have become creative and diverse over the last few years. Other noted Indonesian crafts are. In 2005, UNESCO recognised Kris as one of from Indonesia. Literature. Main article: was Indonesia's most internationally celebrated author, having won the as well as being considered for the. Other important figures include the late, a poet and member of the ' group of authors who were active in the Indonesian independence movement.
Tight information controls during 's presidency suppressed new writing, especially because of its ability to agitate for social reform. In the book, author criticised the Dutch treatment of the Indonesians, which gained him international attention. Modern Indonesian authors include,.
Some of their works have translated to other languages. Amazint Poetry There is a long tradition in Indonesia, particularly among ethnically populations, of extemporary, interactive, oral composition of poetry. These poems are referred to as. Contemporary Indonesian poets include among others,. Recreation and sports.
2004 Olympic gold medalist in badminton men's singles Many traditional games are still preserved and popular in Indonesia, although western culture has influenced some parts of them. Among three hundred officially recognised Indonesian cultures, there are many kinds of traditional games: in, annual bull races in, and stone jumping in. Stone jumping involves leaping over a about up to 1.5 m high and was originally used to train warriors. Is another popular form of sport, which was influenced by as a whole. Another form of is.
The rules are similar to: to keep the in the air with the players' feet. Popular modern sports in Indonesia played at the international level include,. Badminton is one of Indonesia's most successful sports. Indonesian badminton athletes have played in, and many international events, including the and won Olympic gold medals since badminton was made an Olympic sport in. Is a legendary Indonesian badminton player, who won All England titles seven times in a row (1968 through 1974). Have won the (men's world team championship) thirteen of the twenty-two times that it has been contested since they entered the series in 1957.
In the internationally popular sport of football (soccer), Indonesian teams have been active in the (AFC). Sporting events in Indonesia are organised by the Indonesian National Sport Committee (KONI). The Committee, along with the government of Indonesia, have set a National Sports Day on every 9 September with 'Sports for All' as the motto.
Indonesia has hosted the four times, in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011, and won overall champion title in each of these years. As of 2011, Indonesia has won champion titles 10 times overall out of 18 SEA Games it has attended since debuted in 1977.
The country also hosted the. And, together with are considered as Indonesian. The has been influenced by and, as well as. However, in return, Indonesian cuisine has also contributed to the cuisines of neighbouring countries, notably and Singapore, where Padang or Minangkabau cuisine from West Sumatra is very popular. Also ( Sate in ), which originated from Java, Madura, and Sumatra, has gained popularity as a street vendor food from Singapore to Thailand. In the 15th century, both the and traders arrived in Indonesia with the intention of trading for pepper and other. During the, immigrants from many countries arrived in Indonesia and brought different cultures as well as cuisines.
Most eat as the main dish, with a wide range of vegetables and meat as. However, in some parts of the country, such as and, the majority of the people eat (a type of ). The most important aspect of modern Indonesian cuisine is that food must be, conforming to Islamic food laws., the opposite of halal, includes. However, in some regions where there is a significant non-Muslim population, non-halal foods are also commonly served. Indonesian dishes are usually spicy, using a wide range of and spices.
The most popular dishes include (fried rice), Nasi Padang (a dish of ) and soy-based dishes, such as. A unique characteristic of some Indonesian food is the application of spicy in their dishes, as a dressing for or Karedok (Indonesian style salad), or for seasoning satay.
Another unique aspect of Indonesian cuisine is using terasi or belacan, a pungent in dishes of sambal oelek (hot pungent chili sauce). The sprinkling of fried also gives a unique crisp texture to some Indonesian dishes. Chinese and Indian cultures have influenced the serving of food and the types of spices used. It is very common to find in Indonesia such as and, and such as. In addition, Western culture has significantly contributed to the extensive range of dishes. However, the dishes have been transformed to suit Indonesian tastes. For example, steaks are usually served with rice.
Popular fast foods such as are served with rice instead of bread and (spicy sauce) instead of ketchup. Some Indonesian foods have been adopted by the Dutch, like or 'rijsttafel'. Popular media Cinema. Main article: The largest chain of cinemas in Indonesia is 21Cineplex, which has cinemas spread throughout twenty-four cities on the major islands of Indonesia. Many smaller independent cinemas also exist. In the 1980s, the in Indonesia was at its peak, and dominated the cinemas in Indonesia with movies that have retained a high reputation, such as Catatan Si Boy and Blok M and actors like Onky Alexander, Meriam Bellina, Nike Ardilla and Paramitha Rusady. The film (1988) winning 9 at the 1988.
It was also the first Indonesian movie chosen for screening at the, where it was awarded Best International Film in 1989. However, the film industry failed to continue its successes in the 1990s, when the number of movies produced decreased significantly, from 115 movies in 1990 to just 37 in 1993. As a result, most movies produced in the 1990s contained adult themes. In addition, mov to dominate Indonesian cinema. The industry started to recover in the late 1990s, with the rise of independent directors and many new movies produced, such as 's Cinta dalam Sepotong Roti, and 's.
Another form of recovery is the re-establishment of the (FFI), inactive for twelve years, and the creation of the Jakarta International Film Festival. (1998) received in.
Television.
Mojang Priangan, a Sundanese traditional dance performance. The Sundanese are of origins who are thought to have originated in, migrated through the Philippines, and reached Java between 1,500 BC and 1,000 BC. Nevertheless, there is also a hypothesis that argues that the Austronesian ancestors of contemporary Sundanese people originally came from, a sunken massive peninsula that today forms the Java Sea, the Malacca and Sunda straits, and the islands between them. According to recent genetic study, Sundanese, together with Javanese and Balinese has almost equal ratio of genetic marker shared between and heritages. Origin myth The belief contains the mythical origin of Sundanese people; Sang Hyang Kersa, the supreme divine being in ancient Sundanese belief created seven bataras (deities) in Sasaka Pusaka Buana (The Sacred Place on Earth).
The oldest of these bataras is called Batara Cikal and is considered the ancestor of the Kanekes people. Other six bataras ruled various locations in Sunda lands in Western Java. A Sundanese legend of contain the memory of the prehistoric highland, which suggest that Sundanese already inhabit the region since era, at least 20,000 years ago. Another popular Sundanese proverb and legend mentioned about the creation of (Priangan) highlands, the heartland of Sundanese realm; 'When the (gods) were smiling, the land of Parahyangan was created'. This legend suggested the Parahyangan highland as the playland or the abode of gods, as well as suggesting its natural beauty. Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms era.
In, describes the deeds of Sunda King, popularly known as Prabu Siliwangi. The earliest historical polity which appeared in the Sundanese realm in the Western part of Java was the kingdom of, which flourished between the 4th and 7th century. Influences reached the Sundanese people as early as the 4th century CE as is evident in. The adoption of this dharmic faith in Sundanese way of life was, however, never as intense as their Javanese counterparts. It seems that despite the central court beginning to adopt Hindu-Buddhist culture and institution, the majority of common Sundanese still retained their native natural and ancestral worship. By the 4th century, the older megalithic culture was probably still alive and well next to the penetrating Hindu influences. Court cultures flourished in ancient times, for example, during the era of, however the Sundanese appear not to have had the resources nor desire to construct large similar to those built by in Central and East Java.
The traditional rural Sundanese method of rice farming, by ladang or huma (dry rice farming), in contrast to Javanese irrigated sawah wet rice cultivation (that require complex administration, coordination, and a lot of labor forces), also contributed to small populations of sparsely inhabited Sundanese villages. Geographic constraints that isolate each region also led Sundanese villages to enjoy their simple way of life and their independence even more. That was probably the factor that would contribute to the carefree nature, egalitarian, conservative, independent and somewhat individualistic social outlook of Sundanese people. The Sundanese seem to love and revere their nature in spiritual ways, leading to them adopting some taboos in order to conserve the nature and maintain the ecosystem. The conservative tendency and their somewhat opposition to foreign influences, is demonstrated in extreme isolationist measures adopted keenly by Kanekes or people. They have rules against interacting with outsiders and adopting foreign ideas, technology, and ways of life. They have also set some taboos, such as not cutting trees nor harming forest creatures, in order to conserve their natural ecosystem.
One of the earliest historical records that mentions the name 'Sunda' appears in the dated 952 saka (1030 CE) discovered in Cibadak, near. In 1225, a Chinese writer named, in his book, describes the port of Sin-t'o , which probably refers to the port of. By examining these records, it seems that the name 'Sunda' started to appear in the early 11th century as a Javanese term used to designate their western neighbours. A Chinese source more specifically refers to it as the port of Banten or Sunda Kelapa. After the formation and consolidation of the 's unity and identity during the era under the rule of (popularly known as ), the shared common identity of Sundanese people was more firmly established. They adopted the name 'Sunda' to identify their kingdom, their people and their.
Under Dutch rule. Sundanese boys playing in, c. Inland Pasundan is mountainous and hilly, and until the 19th century, was thickly forested and sparsely populated. The Sundanese traditionally live in small and isolated hamlets, rendering control by indigenous courts difficult. The Sundanese, in contrast to the Javanese, traditionally engage in dry-field farming. These factors resulted in the Sundanese having a less rigid social hierarchy and more independent social manners. In the 19th century, Dutch colonial exploitation opened much of the interior for coffee, tea, and quinine production, and the highland society took on a frontier aspect, further strengthening the individualistic Sundanese mindset.
Contemporary era There is popular belief among Indonesian ethnicities that Sundanese are famous for their beauty, in his report 'Summa Oriental' on early 16th century, mentioned: 'The (Sundanese) women are beautiful, and those of the nobles chaste, which is not the case with those of the lower classes'. It was said that Sundanese women are — in estimation of Indonesians — one of the most beautiful in the country. In Indonesian popular beliefs, it was said that because of the climate, they have lighter complexion than other Indonesians, and because the Sundanese diet features raw vegetables, they reputedly possess especially soft skin.
Bandungite ladies, popularly known as Mojang are reputedly pretty, fashion smart and forward looking. Probably because of this, many Sundanese people today pursue careers in the Indonesian entertainment industry. Language.
The is spoken by approximately 36 million people and is the second most widely spoken regional language in Indonesia, after. The 2000 Indonesia Census put this figure at 30.9 million.
This language is spoken in the southern part of the province, and most of and eastwards as far as the Pamali River in Brebes,. Sundanese is also closely related to and as it is to Javanese, as seen by the Sundanese utilising different language levels denoting rank and respect – a concept borrowed from the Javanese. Sundanese shares similar vocabularies with Javanese and Malay. There are several dialects of Sundanese, from the Sunda–Banten dialect to the Sunda–Central Javanese dialect which mixes elements of Javanese. Some of the most distinct dialects are from Banten, Bogor, Priangan, and Cirebon.
In Central Java, Sundanese is spoken in some of the Cilacap region and some of the Brebes region. It is known that the most refined Sundanese dialect — which is considered as its original form – are those spoken in Ciamis, Tasikmalaya, Garut, Bandung, Sumedang, Sukabumi, and especially Cianjur (The dialect spoken by people living in Cianjur is considered as the most refined Sundanese). While Sundanese spoken on north coast, Banten and Cirebon is considered less refined.
While the language spoken by the people of is considered the archaic type of Sundanese language, before the Sundanese people adopt the concept of language stratification to denote rank and respect as demonstrated (and influenced). Today, the Sundanese language are mostly written in. An example of Sundanese-language media is Mangle Magazine that is written in Latin script.
However, there is an effort to revive the which was used between the 14th and 18th centuries. For example, street names in Bandung and several cities in West Java are now written in both Latin and Sundanese scripts. Religion. Akad nikah, Sundanese Islamic wedding vows in front of penghulu and witnesses. The initial religious systems of the Sundanese were and with reverence to ancestral ( karuhun) and natural spirits identified as, yet bears some traits of. The best indications are found in the oldest epic poems ( wawacan) and among the remote tribe. This religion is called ('early Sundanese').
The agriculture had shaped the culture, beliefs and ritual system of traditional Sundanese people, among other the reverence to as the goddess of rice and fertility. The land of Sundanese people in Western Java is among the earliest place in Indonesian archipelago that being exposed to Indian Hindu-Buddhist influences. Followed by adopted as early as the 4th century. The complex in Karawang shows Buddhist influences in West Java, while Shivaic temple near shows Hindu influence.
The 16th century sacred text contain the religious and moral rules, guidance, prescriptions and lessons for ancient Sundanese people. Around the 15th to 16th centuries began to spread among the Sundanese people by Indian Muslim traders, and its adoption accelerated after the fall of the Hindu Sunda Kingdom and the establishment of the Islamic Sultanates of and in coastal West Java. Numerous (locally known as ') penetrated villages in the mountainous regions of and established mosques and schools and spread the Islamic faith amongst the Sundanese people. Small traditional Sundanese communities retained their indigenous social and belief systems, adopting self-imposed isolation, and refused foreign influences, proselytism and altogether, such as those of the (Kanekes) people of inland. Some Sundanese villages such as those in Cigugur Kuningan retained their beliefs, while some villages such as in Tasikmalaya, and Sindang Barang Pasir Eurih in Bogor, although identifying themselves as Muslim, still uphold pre-Islamic traditions and taboos and venerated the karuhun (ancestral spirits). Today, most Sundanese are Muslims.
After Western Java fell under control in the early 18th century, and later under colonial control, evangelism towards the Sundanese people was started by missionaries of Genootschap voor In- en Uitwendige Zending te Batavia (GIUZ). This organization was founded by Mr. Anthing and Pastor E. King in 1851. However, it was Nederlandsche Zendelings Vereeniging (NZV) which sent their missionaries to convert the Sundanese peoples. They started the mission in Batavia, later expanding into several towns in such as,.
They built schools, churches and hospitals for native people in West Java. Compared to the large Sundanese Muslim population, the numbers of Christian Sundanese are scarce; today Christians in West Java are mostly residing in West Java, with only small numbers of native Sundanese Christians. A shrine dedicated to in the Hindu temple,.
In contemporary Sundanese social and religious life, there is a growing shift towards, especially amongst urban Sundanese. Today, compared to the 1960s, many Sundanese Muslim women have decided to wear the. The same phenomena was also found earlier in the in Sumatra and Malaysia. Indeed, modern history saw the rise of political Islam through the birth of in Tasikmalaya, West Java, back in 1949, although later this Islamist movement was cracked down upon by the. In modern contemporary political landscapes, the Sundanese realm in West Java and Banten also provides popular support for Islamic parties such as.
There are numbers of Sundanese ulama and Islamic preachers who have been quite successful in gaining national popularity, such as Kyai and Mamah Dedeh who have become TV personalities through their dakwah show. There are an increasing number of Sundanese people who are consider the (pilgrimage to Mecca) as something that enjoys social prestige.
On the other side, there is also a movement led by the minority Sundanese conservative traditionalist adat, the community, who are struggling to achieve wider acceptance and recognition of their faith and way of life. Culture Family and social relations. Elderly Sundanese woman near a rice paddy, at,. Sundanese culture has borrowed much from Javanese culture, however it differs by a much less rigid system of social hierarchy. The Sundanese, in their mentality and behavior, their greater egalitarianism and antipathy to yawning class distinctions, and their community-based material culture, differ from the feudal hierarchy apparent among the people of Javanese principalities.
Central Javanese court culture nurtured in atmosphere conducive to elite, stylized, impeccably-polished forms of art and literature. In a pure sense, Sundanese culture bore few traces of these traditions. Culturally Sundanese people adopt a, with male and female descent are of equal importance. In Sundanese families the important rituals revolved around life cycles, from birth to death, adopting many of the previous Animist and Hindu-Buddhist, as well as Islamic traditions. For example, during the seventh month of pregnancy there is a prenatal ritual called Nujuh Bulanan (identical to in Javanese tradition) which traces its origins to Hindu ritual. Shortly after the birth of a baby, a ritual called Akekahan (from Arabic word: ) is performed; an Islamic tradition in which the parents slaughter a goat for a baby girl or two goats for a baby boy, the meat later being cooked and distributed to relatives and neighbours.
The ceremony is performed on pre-pubescent boys and celebrated with Sisingaan (lion) dance. Traditional Sundanese puppetry. Sundanese literature was basically oral; their arts (architecture, music, dance, textiles, ceremonies, etc.) substantially preserved traditions from an earlier phase of civilization, stretching back even to the Neolithic, and never overwhelmed (as eastward, in Java) by aristocratic Hindu-Buddhist ideas. The art and culture of Sundanese people reflect historical influences by various cultures that include pre-historic native and traditions, ancient - heritage,. The Sundanese have very vivid, orally-transmitted memories of the grand era of the. The oral tradition of Sundanese people is called: the chant of poetic verses employed for story-telling.
It is the counterpart of Javanese tembang, similar to but independent from Malay. The Pantun Sunda often recount Sundanese folklore and legends such as, the tales of, and popular children's folk stories such as. Traditional Sundanese arts include various forms of music, dance, and martial arts. The most notable types of Sundanese music are bamboo music, music, reyog Sunda and rampak gendang.
The Angklung bamboo musical instrument is considered one of the world heritages of intangible culture. Music performance, featuring traditional Sundanese music instruments such as kecapi, suling, and kendang. The most well known and distinctive Sundanese dances are, a traditional social dance which is usually, but mistakenly, associated with. Other popular dances such as Merak dance describe colorful dancing peafowls. Sisingaan dance is performed especially in the area to celebrate the ritual where the boy to be circumcised is seated upon a lion figure carried by four men. Other dances such as the Peafowl dance, Dewi dance and Ratu Graeni dance shows Javanese courtly influences.
Puppetry is the most popular wayang performance for Sundanese people. Many forms of dance, literature, music and ( ) derive from the Javanese. Sundanese puppetry is more influenced by Islamic folklore than the influence of Indian epics present in Javanese versions. The martial art in Sundanese tradition can be traced to the historical figure of Sunda Pajajaran kingdom, with Cimande is one of the most prominent school. The recently developed is also a popular martial art in West Java. Is the traditional weapon of the Sundanese people.
Architecture. Traditional Sundanese house with Julang Ngapak roof in Papandak,. The architecture of a Sundanese house is characterized by its functionality, simplicity, modesty, uniformity with a little details, its use of natural materials, and its quite faithful adherence to the harmony with the nature and environment. Sundanese traditional houses mostly take basic form of structure, commonly called kampung style roof, made of thatched materials ( ijuk black fibers, kirai, hateup leaves or palm leaves) covering wooden frames and beams, woven walls, and its structure is built on short.
Its roof variations might includes and (combination of gable and hip roof). The more elaborate overhanging gablet roof is called Julang Ngapak, which means 'bird spreading wings'. Other traditional Sundanese house forms including Buka Pongpok, Capit Gunting, Jubleg Nangkub, Badak Heuay, Tagog Anjing, and Perahu Kemureb.
Next to houses, or called in Sundanese, is also an essential structure in traditional Sundanese agricultural community. Leuit is especially important during harvest ceremony. Typical modest Sundanese meal consist of steamed rice, salted fish, (tamarind dish), (raw vegetables salad with chili paste) and (peanuts paste).
Is one of the most popular traditional food in Indonesia, and it is also easily found in most Indonesian cities. The Sundanese food is characterized by its freshness; the famous (raw vegetables salad) eaten with (chilly paste) and also (peanuts paste) demonstrate the Sundanese fondness for fresh raw vegetables. Similar to other ethnic groups in Indonesia, Sundanese people eat for almost every meal.
The Sundanese like to say, 'If you have not eaten rice, then you have not eaten at all.' Rice is prepared in hundreds of different ways. However, it is simple steamed rice that serves as the centerpiece of all meals. Next to, the side dishes of, or are added to provide variety of taste as well as for protein, mineral and nutrient intake. These side dishes are grilled, fried, steamed or boiled and spiced with any combination of garlic, (a plant of the ginger family), turmeric, coriander, ginger, and lemon grass. The herb rich food wrapped and cooked inside banana leaf called (Sundanese: pais) is popular among Sundanese people. Pepes are available in many varieties according to its ingredients; carp fish, anchovies, minced meat with eggs, mushroom, tofu or oncom.
Is a popular foodstuff within Sundanese cuisine, just like its counterpart, tempe, is popular among Javanese people. Usually the food itself is not too spicy, but it is served with a very hot sauce made by grinding chili peppers and garlic together. On the coast, saltwater fish are common; in the mountains, fish tend to be either pond-raised carp or goldfish.
A well-known Sundanese dish is lalapan, which consists only of raw vegetables, such as leaves,. In general, Sundanese food tastes rich and savory, but not as tangy as, nor as sweet as. Occupations. A Sundanese Leuit (rice barn), initially Sundanese are rice farmers. The traditional occupation of Sundanese people is, especially cultivation. Sundanese culture and tradition are usually centred around the agricultural cycle. Festivities such as the harvest ceremony are held in high importance, especially in the traditional Sundanese community in Cipta Gelar village, Cisolok,; Sindang Barang, Pasir Eurih village, Taman Sari,; and the traditional Sundanese community in Cigugur.
The typical Sundanese leuit (rice barn) is an important part of traditional Sundanese villages; it is held in high esteem as the symbol of wealth and welfare. Since early times, Sundanese have predominantly been farmers. They tend to be reluctant to be government officers or legislators. Next to agriculture, Sundanese people often choose business and trade to make a living although mostly are traditional entrepreneurships, such as a travelling food or drink vendors, establishing modest (food stall) or restaurant, as the vendor of daily consumer's goods or open a modest.
Their affinity for establishing and running small-scale entrepreneurship is most likely contributed by Sundanese tendency to be independent, carefree, egalitarian, individualistic and optimistic. They seem to abhor the rigid structure and rule of government offices. Several traditional traveling food vendors and food stalls such as, and, Roti Bakar (grilled bread), (green beans congee) and instant noodle stall are notably run by Sundanese.
Nevertheless, there are numbers of Sundanese that successfully carved their career as intellectuals or politicians in national politics, government offices and military positions. Some notable Sundanese has gained positions in Indonesian government as governor, municipal major, vice president and state ministers, also as officers and general in Indonesian military. Sundanese also popularly known as cheerful and mercurial folks, as they love to joke and tease around. The artform of, Dawala, and Gareng punakawan character clearly demonstrate Sundanese quirky side. Some Sundanese might find art and culture as their passion and become artists, either fine art, musics or performing art. Today, there are a number of Sundanese involved in the music and entertainment industry, with some of Indonesia's most famous singers, musicians, composers, cinema directors, film and actors being of Sundanese origin.
Notable people. A depiction of or, in Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon. Notable Sundanese that being recognized as among others are that fought for equality for women education, and Indonesian statesman such as. Popular former governor of Jakarta, ex-vice president, and former defense minister, and ministers of foreign affairs such as, and, are among notable Sundanese on politics field.
And are among Indonesian distinguished poets and writers. Today, in modern Indonesian music and entertainment industry, there are large numbers of Sundanese artists that has become Indonesia's most famous singers, musicians, composers, cinema directors, film and (TV soap drama) actors. Famous singers, and, musicians and composers such as and singers such as, and popular celebrity, Indonesian sinetrons actors such as, and, also film director, are among artists of Sundanese background. Famous wayang golek puppet master was, while, Jojon and Kang Ibing are popular comedian.
On the sports field, Indonesian athletes of Sundanese background are badminton Olympic gold medalist. See also.